Quiz: Anatomy_H3

Question 1

1. From the options listed below, choose the CORRECT statement(s) regarding cartilage.

Choices:

• Cartilages withstand compressive force because of the highly hydrated nature of its matrix.
• Unlike most connective tissues, cartilages contain more cells than matrix.
• Cartilage plays a role in intramembraneous ossification.
• Cartilages produce ATP largely by aerobic means.
• Cartilage is avascular but innervated.

Answers:

• Cartilages withstand compressive force because of the highly hydrated nature of its matrix.

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! GAGs within the cartilages tightly bind water and therefore permit cartilages to withstand compressive forces.
• Continue

Question 2

2. From the options listed below, choose the CORRECT statement(s) regarding bone tissue.

Choices:

• Osteocytes are derived from osteoblasts.
• Osteocytes may be present on the surface of bone matrix.
• Bone tissue is avascular and therefore dependent on diffusion of metabolites from surrounding tissues for its needs.
• The collagen fibre content of its matrix imparts it with compressional strength.
• It can withstand a certain amount of bending, owing to the inorganic salts in its matrix.
• In compact bone, matrix is organized in lamellae, whereas in spongy bone it is not.

Answers:

• Osteocytes are derived from osteoblasts.

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Osteocytes are fully differentiated bone cells derived from osteoblasts.
• Continue

Question 3

3. From the options listed below, choose the component(s) of an osteon.

Choices:

• Canaliculi
• Osteocytes
• Concentric lamellae
• Central canal
• Osteoclasts
• Osteoblasts
• Perforating canal
• Circumferential lamellae
• Interstitial lamellae

Answers:

• Canaliculi
• Osteocytes
• Concentric lamellae
• Central canal

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! An osteon consists of a central canal surrounded by multiple layers of concentric lamellae. Ostocytes are located between adjacent lamellae, and extend their cell processes through the bone matrix in canaliculi.
• Continue

Question 4

4. The dominant cell type in the fibrous layer of the periosteum is the _____________.

Choices:

• Osteoprogenitor cells
• Osteoblasts
• Osteoclasts
• Bone-lining cells
• Fibrocytes

Answers:

• Fibrocytes

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Fibrocytes are the dominant cell type in the fibrous layer of periosteum. They produce collagen type I, forming the dense irregular CT layer that is periosteum.
• Continue

Question 5

5. What substance in the ECM of cartilage binds aggrecan monomers?

Choices:

• Type II collagen fibrils
• Chondrocytes
• Hyaluronic Acid
• Bone-lining cells
• Fibrocytes

Answers:

• Hyaluronic Acid

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Aggrecan monomers link to hyaluronic acid, forming massive proteoglycan aggregates.
• Continue

Question 6

6. Identify the class of tissue. Be specific.

Choices:

• Articular cartilage
• Fibrocartilage
• Elastic cartilage
• Bone

Answers:

• Articular cartilage

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage that lacks a perichondrium.
• Continue

Question 7

7. Name the dominant cell type in this tissue as indicated by A.

Choices:

• chondrocyte
• chondrocytes

Answers:

• chondrocyte
• chondrocytes

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Chondrocytes are found in cartilage.
• Continue

Question 8

8. What is encircled in black? Be specific.

Choices:

• isogenous group
• isogenous

Answers:

• isogenous group
• isogenous

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Mature chondrocytes can form isogenous groups.
• Continue

Question 9

9. What is the dominant fibre type in tissue A?

Choices:

• type II collagen
• collagen type II
• collagen II
• collagen type II fibrils
• collagen type II fibres
• collagen II fibrils
• collagen II fibres
• type II collagen fibrils
• type II collagen fibres

Answers:

• type II collagen
• collagen type II
• collagen II
• collagen type II fibrils
• collagen type II fibres
• collagen II fibrils
• collagen II fibres
• type II collagen fibrils
• type II collagen fibres

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Collagen type II is specific to cartilage and is highly packed in the ECM of hyaline cartilage.
• Continue

Question 10

10. Identify the class of tissue. Be specific.

Choices:

• fibrocartilage
• fibrocartilage

Answers:

• fibrocartilage
• fibrocartilage

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Fibrocartilage can be identified by the rows of rounded chondrocytes arranged between bundles of collagen fibres.
• Continue

Question 11

11. What is the dominant fibre type present in this tissue?

Choices:

• type I collagen
• collagen type I fibres
• collagen type I
• type I collagen fibres

Answers:

• type I collagen
• collagen type I fibres
• collagen type I
• type I collagen fibres

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Collagen type I fibres dominate in fibrocartilage and impart tensile strength.
• Continue

Question 12

12. Identify layer A. Be specific.

Choices:

• Outer Fibrous Layer of Perichondrium
• Fibrous Perichondrium
• Outer Fibrous Layer
• Fibrous Layer of Perichondrium
• perichondrium, fibrous layer
• perichondrium, outer fibrous layer

Answers:

• Outer Fibrous Layer of Perichondrium
• Fibrous Perichondrium
• Outer Fibrous Layer
• Fibrous Layer of Perichondrium
• perichondrium, fibrous layer
• perichondrium, outer fibrous layer

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The outer fibrous layer of perichondrium is made up of dense irregular connective tissue. This layer provides attachment of cartilage to adjacent tissue.
• Continue

Question 13

13. What is the main cell type in layer A?

Choices:

• Fibroblasts
• Fibroblast
• fibrocyte
• fibrocytes

Answers:

• Fibroblasts
• Fibroblast
• fibrocyte
• fibrocytes

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Fibroblasts in the fibrous layer of perichondrium produce collagen fibres.
• Continue

Question 14

14. Identify layer B. Be specific.

Choices:

• Cellular Layer of Perichondrium
• Inner Cellular Layer of Perichondrium
• Cellular Perichondrium
• Inner Cellular Layer

Answers:

• Cellular Layer of Perichondrium
• Inner Cellular Layer of Perichondrium
• Cellular Perichondrium
• Inner Cellular Layer

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The inner cellular layer of perichondrium contains chondroblasts, which contribute to appositional growth of cartilage.
• Continue

Question 15

15. What is the main cell type in layer B?

Choices:

• Chondroblast
• Chondroblasts

Answers:

• Chondroblast
• Chondroblasts

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Chondroblasts are the main cell type in the inner cellular layer of perichondrium. They produce new matrix during appositional growth of cartilages.
• Continue

Question 16

16. What is the specific name of space A?

Choices:

• Central canal
• Haversian Canal

Answers:

• Central canal
• Haversian Canal

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The central (Haversian) canal is located at the center of an osteon. It contains BVs and Ns .
• Continue

Question 17

17. Identify the structures indicated by the arrows.

Choices:

• Canaliculi

Answers:

• Canaliculi

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! A dense network of canaliculi ramifies throughout bone matrix to facilitate molecular exchange. Cell processes of osteocytes are located within the canaliculi.
• Continue

Question 18

18. Identify the cell type indicated by the arrows.

Choices:

• Osteocytes
• Osteocyte

Answers:

• Osteocytes
• Osteocyte

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Osteocytes are located between adjacent lamellae and extend their processes into the canaliculi.
• Continue

Question 19

19. Identify the cells indicated by the arrows.

Choices:

• Osteoblasts

Answers:

• Osteoblasts

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Osteoblasts are cuboid to columnar cells located on the surface of existing bone matrix.
• Continue

Question 20

20. What is the name of the spaces that contains these cells?

Choices:

• Lacuna
• Lacunae

Answers:

• Lacuna
• Lacunae

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Lacunae are the spaces within the bone matrix occupied by osteocytes. In a lacuna, a fine layer of unmineralized matrix surrounds the osteocyte.
• Continue

Question 21

21. Identify the cell type indicated by the arrows.

Choices:

• Osteoclast
• Osteoclasts

Answers:

• Osteoclast
• Osteoclasts

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells found in resorption lacunae on the surface of existing bone matrix. This cell type aids in bone resorption and remodeling.
• Continue

Question 22

22. Identify the cells indicated by the arrows.

Choices:

• osteocytes
• osteocyte

Answers:

• osteocytes
• osteocyte

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Osteocytes are mature bone cells that become surrounded by the matrix they produce.
• Continue

Question 23

23. Identify layer A. Be specific.

Choices:

• cellular layer of periosteum
• deep cellular layer of periosteum
• periosteum, cellular layer
• periosteum, deep cellular layer
• cellular layer, periosteum
• osteogenic layer of periosteum
• periosteum, osteogenic layer

Answers:

• cellular layer of periosteum
• deep cellular layer of periosteum
• periosteum, cellular layer
• periosteum, deep cellular layer
• cellular layer, periosteum
• osteogenic layer of periosteum
• periosteum, osteogenic layer

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The cellular layer of periosteum consists of osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, bone-lining cells and osteoclasts. This layer fxns in bone growth, repair & remodeling.
• Continue

Question 24

24. Identify layer A. Be specific.

Choices:

• fibrous layer of periosteum
• superficial fibrous layer of periosteum
• periosteum, fibrous layer
• periosteum, deep fibrous layer
• fibrous layer, periosteum
• osteogenic layer of periosteum
• periosteum, osteogenic layer

Answers:

• fibrous layer of periosteum
• superficial fibrous layer of periosteum
• periosteum, fibrous layer
• periosteum, deep fibrous layer
• fibrous layer, periosteum
• osteogenic layer of periosteum
• periosteum, osteogenic layer

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The fibrous layer of periosteum is superficial to the cellular layer. This layer is made up of dense irregular CT. It functions in ligament and tendon attachment.
• Continue

Question 25

25. Identify the layer indicated by the arrows.

Choices:

• endosteum

Answers:

• endosteum

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Endosteum lines internal surfaces e.g. marrow cavity, central canal and trabeculae. It is an incomplete layer that fxns in bone growth, repairing and remodeling.
• Continue

Question 26

26. Identify the structure on the right. Be specific.

Choices:

• epiphyseal plate
• growth plate
• the epiphyseal plate
• the growth plate
• epiphyseal growth plate
• the epiphyseal growth plate

Answers:

• epiphyseal plate
• growth plate
• the epiphyseal plate
• the growth plate
• epiphyseal growth plate
• the epiphyseal growth plate

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! This is the epiphyseal (growth) plate which separate the diaphysis from the epiphysis. Notice the different zones.
• Continue

Question 27

27. From the options listed below, identify zone B.

Choices:

• zone of reserve/zone of resting cartilage
• zone of proliferation
• zone of cell maturation and hypertrophy
• zone of calcifying cartilage
• zone of ossification

Answers:

• zone of proliferation

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The zone of proliferation contains flattened chondrocytes that stack to form lines.
• Continue

Question 28

28. From the options listed below, identify zone E.

Choices:

• zone of reserve/zone of resting cartilage
• zone of proliferation
• zone of cell maturation and hypertrophy
• zone of calcifying cartilage
• zone of ossification

Answers:

• zone of ossification

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The zone of ossification marks bone formation (darker pink stain). BVs from diaphyses penetrate into the calcified cartilage.
• Continue

Question 29

29. From the options listed below, identify zone A.

Choices:

• zone of reserve/zone of resting cartilage
• zone of proliferation
• zone of cell maturation and hypertrophy
• zone of calcifying cartilage
• zone of ossification

Answers:

• zone of reserve/zone of resting cartilage

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The zone of reserve/resting cartilage contains chondrocytes that are quiescent and are separate from each other.
• Continue

Question 30

30. From the options listed below, identify zone C.

Choices:

• zone of reserve/zone of resting cartilage
• zone of proliferation
• zone of cell maturation and hypertrophy
• zone of calcifying cartilage
• zone of ossification

Answers:

• zone of cell maturation and hypertrophy

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Zone of cell maturation and hypertrophy contains enlarged chondrocytes that are stacked.
• Continue

Question 31

31. From the options listed below, identify zone D.

Choices:

• zone of reserve/zone of resting cartilage
• zone of proliferation
• zone of cell maturation and hypertrophy
• zone of calcifying cartilage
• zone of ossification

Answers:

• zone of calcifying cartilage

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Zone of calcifying cartilage contains dead chondrocytes and calcified matrix.
• Continue