Quiz: Anatomy_H7

Question 1

1. From the following options, choose all statements that correctly describe B cells.

Choices:

• are the dominant type of lymphocyte in the cortex of lymph nodes
• are “educated” in the bone marrow
• responsible for “humoral immunity”
• when activated, kill the target cell directly by cytotoxic means
• require the “presentation” of antigen by antigen-presenting cells

Answers:

• are the dominant type of lymphocyte in the cortex of lymph nodes
• are “educated” in the bone marrow
• responsible for “humoral immunity”

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! B cells are produced and educated within the bone marrow. B cells dominantly located in the cortex of lymph nodes and are responsible for humoral immunity.
• Continue

Question 2

2. Which of the following are secondary lymphoid tissues or organs? Choose all that apply.

Choices:

• tonsils
• lymph nodules
• spleen
• lymph nodes
• bone marrow
• thymus

Answers:

• tonsils
• lymph nodules
• spleen
• lymph nodes

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Only the thymus and bone marrow are primary lymphoid organs / tissues. The remainder are secondary lymphoid tissues / organs.
• Continue

Question 3

3. Which of the following have afferent lymphatics? Choose all that apply.

Choices:

• lymph nodes
• tonsils
• lymph nodules
• spleen
• bone marrow
• thymus

Answers:

• lymph nodes

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Only lymph nodes have afferent lymphatics.
• Continue

Question 4

4. What occurs in the splenic red pulp?

Choices:

• B cell activation in response to blood-bourne antigen occurs.
• T cell activation in response to lymph-bourne antigen occurs.
• Aged red blood cells are removed from circulation.
• Blood flows into the splenic white pulp after its processing in the splenic red pulp.

Answers:

• Aged red blood cells are removed from circulation.

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Aged red blood cells are removed from circulation in the splenic red pulp.
• Continue

Question 5

5. What anatomical region of the thymus is indicated by the letter A?

Choices:

• Cortex
• Medulla
• Paracortex
• Capsule

Answers:

• Cortex

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The thymic cortex is darker staining compare to the medulla due to the high density of thymocytes. Thymocytes in this area are small with condensed nuclei and inconspicuous cytoplasm.
• Continue

Question 6

6. What anatomical region of the thymus is indicated by the letter B?

Choices:

• Cortex
• Paracortex
• Medulla
• Capsule

Answers:

• Medulla

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The medulla of the thymus is paler than the cortex with less packed thymocytes. Hassall’s corpuscles can also be used as a landmark for the medulla.
• Continue

Question 7

7. What is the name for the connective tissue structures of the thymus, as indicated by the letter A, that divides its parenchyma into lobules?

Choices:

• Trabecula
• Trabeculae
• Septum
• Septae

Answers:

• Trabecula
• Trabeculae
• Septum
• Septae

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Septae or trabeculae of the capsule are CT structures that divide the parenchyma of thymus into lobules.
• Continue

Question 8

8. This is an image of the thymus. Identify the cells indicated by the letter A.

Choices:

• Cortical epithelioreticular cells
• Epithelioreticular cells
• Cortical epithelioreticular
• Epithelioreticular

Answers:

• Cortical epithelioreticular cells
• Epithelioreticular cells
• Cortical epithelioreticular
• Epithelioreticular

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Epithelioreticular cells are identifiable by their pale, eosinophilic cytoplasm, oval, euchromatic nuclei and cell processes.
• Continue

Question 9

9. Identify structure A.

Choices:

• Hassall’s Corpuscle
• Hassalls Corpuscle
• Thymic corpuscle

Answers:

• Hassall’s Corpuscle
• Hassalls Corpuscle
• Thymic corpuscle

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Hassall’s corpuscles are concentrically-arranged epithelioreticular cells packed with keratin. They look like whirls of stratum corneum and are the characteristic of the thymic medulla.
• Continue

Question 10

10. Given the presence of structure A, what region of the thymus is shown on the right side of this image?

Choices:

• medulla
• thymic medulla
• medulla of the thymus

Answers:

• medulla
• thymic medulla
• medulla of the thymus

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Hassall’s corpuscle (A) is a structure located in the thymic medulla.
• Continue

Question 11

11. What structure is indicated by the letter A?

Choices:

• Peyer’s patch
• Peyer’s patches
• Lymph nodule
• Mucosa-associated lymph nodule
• Mucosa associated lymph nodule
• Lymphoid nodule
• Mucosa associated lymphoid nodule
• Mucosa-associated lymphoid nodule
• Gut associated lymphoid nodule
• Gut-associated lymphoid nodule

Answers:

• Peyer’s patch
• Peyer’s patches
• Lymph nodule
• Mucosa-associated lymph nodule
• Mucosa associated lymph nodule
• Lymphoid nodule
• Mucosa associated lymphoid nodule
• Mucosa-associated lymphoid nodule
• Gut associated lymphoid nodule
• Gut-associated lymphoid nodule

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Structure A is a gut/mucosa-associated lymphoid nodule, known as Peyer’s patches.
• Continue

Question 12

12. In which subdivision of the digestive tract are structures A located?

Choices:

• Stomach
• Duodenum
• Ileum
• Jejunum

Answers:

• Ileum

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Peyer’s patches are located in the ileum.
• Continue

Question 13

13. Which anatomical region of this lymph node is indicated by A?

Choices:

• Cortex

Answers:

• Cortex

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! ‘A’ is indicating the cortex of lymph node. Notice the pale germinal centers of the secondary lymph nodules. B-lymphocytes and plasma cells populate in this region.
• Continue

Question 14

14. Identify the structure indicated by the arrow. Be specific.

Choices:

• Germinal center
• Germinal centre

Answers:

• Germinal center
• Germinal centre

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The arrow is pointing at the germinal center, the region by which activated B cells differentiate and proliferate into plasma cells.
• Continue

Question 15

15. Which anatomical region of this lymph node is indicated by B?

Choices:

• Medulla

Answers:

• Medulla

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! ‘B’ is indicative of the medulla of the lymph node. This can be identified by the widely distributed medullary cord (pale staining) and medullary sinuses (white space).
• Continue

Question 16

16. What cells dominate region B? (please provide one type)

Choices:

• plasma cells
• plasma cell
• B cells
• macrophages

Answers:

• plasma cells
• plasma cell
• B cells
• macrophages

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Medulla of the lymph node is populated by B cells, plasma cells and macrophages.
• Continue

Question 17

17. Which anatomical region of this lymph node is indicated by C?

Choices:

• Paracortex

Answers:

• Paracortex

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! ‘C’ is indicating the paracortex of the lymph node, which is the region sandwiched between cortex and medulla. T-lymphocytes enters through high endothelial venules (HEVs) and dominate in paracortex.
• Continue

Question 18

18. What cells dominate region C?

Choices:

• T cells
• T cell

Answers:

• T cells
• T cell

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! In the paracortex, T cells dominate and lymph nodules are absent.
• Continue

Question 19

19. Identify the structure of the lymph node paracortex outlined in the image. Hint: T cells migrate through these structures into the lymph node.

Choices:

• High endothelial venule
• High endothelial venules

Answers:

• High endothelial venule
• High endothelial venules

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! T cells migrate into LN paracortex through the high endothelial venules (HEVs).
• Continue

Question 20

20. In this image of the medulla of a lymph node, identify the spaces indicated.

Choices:

• medullary sinuses
• medullary sinus

Answers:

• medullary sinuses
• medullary sinus

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The spaces in the medulla is called the medullary sinuses. They separates the medullary cords.
• Continue

Question 21

21. In this image of the medulla of a lymph node, identify the structures between the spaces.

Choices:

• Medullary cords
• Medullary cord
• cord
• cords

Answers:

• Medullary cords
• Medullary cord
• cord
• cords

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The structures between the medullary sinuses are the medullary cords. Plasma cells dominates in this region!
• Continue

Question 22

22. What region of this organ is indicated by the letters A?

Choices:

• Red pulp
• red pulp of spleen

Answers:

• Red pulp
• red pulp of spleen

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Letter A is indicating the red pulp of spleen. The red pulp contains blood elements e.g. RBC, therefore is eosinophilic. Removal of aged RBC happens in this region.
• Continue

Question 23

23. What region of this organ is indicated by the letters B?

Choices:

• White pulp
• white pulp of spleen

Answers:

• White pulp
• white pulp of spleen

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! ‘B’ indicates white pulp of the spleen. Splenic white pulp consists of lymphoid tissue, the densely packed nuclei of lymphocytes provides the basophilic appearance. This region can be identified by the basophilic lymphoid nodules.
• Continue

Question 24

24. Identify the structure indicated by the arrow. Be specific.

Choices:

• central arteriole

Answers:

• central arteriole

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The central arteriole locates adjacent to the splenic nodule and is a branch of the trabecular arteries. Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) dominated by T cells, surrounds the central arteriole.
• Continue

Question 25

25. Identify the structure indicated by the arrow. Be specific.

Choices:

• Germinal center
• Germinal centre
• Activated follicle

Answers:

• Germinal center
• Germinal centre
• Activated follicle

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The arrow is pointing at the pale-staining germinal centre of the splenic nodule. Here, you will find activated B cells.
• Continue

Question 26

26. Identify the space in the red pulp indicated by the arrows.

Choices:

• splenic sinusoid
• splenic sinusoids

Answers:

• splenic sinusoid
• splenic sinusoids

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The space in the red pulp is a blood-filled space known as the splenic sinusoid.
• Continue

Question 27

27. What specific cells line the spaces indicated by the arrows?

Choices:

• Stave cells
• Stave cell

Answers:

• Stave cells
• Stave cell

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The splenic sinusoids are lined by elongated stave cells oriented parallel to the flow of blood. Stave cells are bundled by reticular fibres and form slits that act as a filter to remove aged / inflexible RBCs.
• Continue

Question 28

28. Identify the structures in the red pulp indicated by the arrows.

Choices:

• Splenic cords
• Splenic cord

Answers:

• Splenic cords
• Splenic cord

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Splenic cords are loose connective tissue composed of reticular cells, fibres and dominated by macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes.
• Continue