Quiz: Anatomy_Lab19

Question 1

1. In a lower motor neuron lesion, reflexes are ______________.

Choices:

• decreased
• normal
• increased

Answers:

• decreased

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The deep tendon reflex arc requires an intact lower motor neuron (LMN), therefore a lesion of the LMN will decrease or abolish reflexes.
• Continue

Question 2

2. In an upper motor neuron lesion, reflexes are ______________.

Choices:

• decreased
• normal
• increased

Answers:

• increased

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Reflexes are normally suppressed by input from UMNs, therefore lesion will increase reflexes.
• Continue

Question 3

3. In a lower motor neuron lesion, muscle tone is ______________.

Choices:

• decreased
• normal
• increased

Answers:

• normal

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Normal muscle tone will be expected in LMN lesion. In flaccid paralysis, the examiner does not experience abnormal resistance when passively moving the patient’s limb. (You will learn more about this later!)
• Continue

Question 4

4. In an upper motor neuron lesion, firm stroking of the sole of the foot causes ___________ of the ankle and ________ and ______________ of the toes. (3 answers; separate with 1 space each)

Choices:

• dorsiflexion extension spreading
• dorsiflexion spreading extension

Answers:

• dorsiflexion extension spreading
• dorsiflexion spreading extension

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! In an UMN lesion, firm stroking of the sole of foot will cause dorsiflexion of ankle, extension and spreading of the toes. This is also known as the Babinski sign.
• Continue

Question 5

5. The patellar reflex tests the ________ spinal level.

Choices:

• L4

Answers:

• L4

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The patellar reflex tests the L4 spinal level.
• Continue

Question 6

6. Lesions of a spinal nerve, or its branches, always have ipsilateral effects.

Choices:

• true
• false

Answers:

• true

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Spinal nerves or their branches innervate targets on the ipsilateral side. Therefore lesions of a spinal nerve or its branches have ipsilateral effects.
• Continue

Question 8

8. The biceps reflex tests the ________ spinal level.

Choices:

• C6

Answers:

• C6

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The biceps reflex tests the C6 spinal level.
• Continue

Question 9

9. In a lower motor neuron lesion, muscle atrophy is ______________.

Choices:

• marked
• mild, only seen with time
• not seen

Answers:

• marked

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! In LMN lesion, loss of trophic substances from the nerve results in marked muscle atrophy overtime.
• Continue

Question 10

10. Lesion of a cranial nerve always has ipsilateral effects.

Choices:

• true
• false

Answers:

• true

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Lesions of a cranial nerve always have ipsilateral effects. This is also true of cranial nerve nuclei, that their lesion has ipsilateral effects, with one exception. What is it?
• Continue

Question 11

11. In an upper motor neuron lesion, muscle tone is ______________.

Choices:

• decreased
• normal
• increased

Answers:

• increased

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! UMN lesion will result in increased muscle tone (spastic paralysis), meaning that when the examiner passively moves the patients limb, resistance, called a “spastic catch” may be experienced.
• Continue

Question 12

12. Lesions of a spinal nerve, or its peripheral branches, _________ have ipsilateral effects.

Choices:

• always
• usually
• sometimes
• never

Answers:

• always

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Lesion of a spinal nerve or its peripheral branches always has ipsilateral effects as nerves do not cross the midline.
• Continue

Question 13

13. Lesions of a cranial nerve nucleus containing lower motor neurons _________ has ipsilateral effects.

Choices:

• always
• usually
• sometimes
• never

Answers:

• usually

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Lesions of a cranial nerve nucleus containing LMNs usually has ipsilateral effects. Exception: LMNs of the trochlear nucleus decussate, therefore its lesion will result in contralateral deficits.
• Continue

Question 14

14. Lesions of ventral horn cells of the spinal cord _________ have ipsilateral effects.

Choices:

• always
• usually
• sometimes
• never

Answers:

• always

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The ventral horn contains LMNs that innervate ipsilateral targets. Therefore lesions of ventral horn cells of the spinal cord have ipsilateral effects.
• Continue

Question 15

15. The only cranial nerve nucleus, the lesion of which causes contralateral effects, is the ____________ nucleus.

Choices:

• trochlear

Answers:

• trochlear

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The trochlear nucleus is the ONLY cranial nerve nucleus with LMNs that decussate. Hence, lesions of this nucleus will have contralateral deficits.
• Continue

Question 16

16. Which of the following structures contain upper motor neurons? Choose all that apply:

Choices:

• lateral column of spinal cord white matter
• pyramids
• internal capsule
• cerebral peduncles
• spinal nerves
• cranial nerves
• cerebellar peduncles

Answers:

• lateral column of spinal cord white matter
• pyramids
• internal capsule
• cerebral peduncles

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! UMNs travel from the corona radiata –> internal capsule –> cerebral peduncles –> pyramids –> decussation of the pyramid -> lateral corticospinal tract.
• Continue

Question 17

17. Normally, firm stroking of the sole of the foot causes ______________ of the ankle and ____________ of the toes. (2 answers; separate with 1 space)

Choices:

• plantarflexion flexion

Answers:

• plantarflexion flexion

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! In healthy individuals, firm stroking of the sole of the foot causes plantarflexion of the ankle and flexion of the toes. This is the Babinski sign.
• Continue

Question 18

18. The triceps reflex tests the ________ spinal level.

Choices:

• C7

Answers:

• C7

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The triceps reflex tests the C7 spinal level.
• Continue

Question 19

19. In an upper motor neuron lesion, muscle atrophy is ______________.

Choices:

• marked
• mild, only seen with time
• not seen

Answers:

• mild, only seen with time

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! In an UMN lesion, muscle atrophy is mild and is only seen over time due to disuse.
• Continue

Question 20

20. Lesions of upper motor neurons to the body in the brainstem or higher _____________ have contralateral effects.

Choices:

• always
• usually
• sometimes
• never

Answers:

• always

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Decussation of UMNs occurs at the spinomedullary junction, therefore lesions of UMNs in brainstem or higher always have contralateral effects.
• Continue

Question 21

21. The achilles reflex tests the ________ spinal level.

Choices:

• S1

Answers:

• S1

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The achilles reflex tests the S1 spinal level.
• Continue

Question 1

1. General sensation from the body is perceived in primary somatosensory cortex, located in the _________________ gyrus.

Choices:

• postcentral

Answers:

• postcentral

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! General sensation from the body is perceived in primary somatosensory cortex, located in the postcentral gyrus.
• Continue

Question 2

2. The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is for the body what the _______________ __________ nucleus is for the face.

Choices:

• spinal trigeminal

Answers:

• spinal trigeminal

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The spinal trigeminal nucleus is an extension of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Somatosensory information from the face is carried by the trigeminal nerve to spinal trigeminal nucleus through the spinal trigeminal tract.
• Continue

Question 3

3. Light touch, vibration and conscious proprioception are localized to the _________ __________ of spinal white matter. (separate answers with 1 space)

Choices:

• dorsal columns

Answers:

• dorsal columns

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Light touch, vibration and conscious proprioception are localized to the dorsal columns of spinal white matter. Dorsal column contains the fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis.
• Continue

Question 4

4. Somatotopy in the dorsal columns is such that sensations from more caudal dermatomes is _________________ to those from more rostral dermatomes.

Choices:

• medial

Answers:

• medial

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Axons are added to the lateral aspect of DC as it ascends the spinal cord. Hence, the somatotopy in the dorsal columns is such that sensations from more caudal dermatomes are medial to those from more rostral dermatomes.
• Continue

Question 5

5. Sensations of fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioception from the lower body travel in the _________________ _______________ of the spinal cord dorsal columns. (separate answers with one space)

Choices:

• fasciculus gracilis

Answers:

• fasciculus gracilis

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Fasciculus gracilis is located on the medial aspect of the spinal cord dorsal columns. Hence, it carries sensory information of fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioception from lower body.
• Continue

Question 6

6. The chief sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is for the face as the nucleus ______________ and nucleus ___________ are for the body. (2 answers; separate with 1 space)

Choices:

• gracilis cuneatus
• cuneatus gracilis

Answers:

• gracilis cuneatus
• cuneatus gracilis

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The chief sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve collects fine touch information from the face and the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus collects similar information the from lower and upper body respectively.
• Continue

Question 7

7. All modalities of general sensation from the body and face relay through the _____________ ______________ nucleus of the thalamus.

Choices:

• ventral posterior

Answers:

• ventral posterior

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! All modalities of general sensation from the body and face are transmitted to third-order neurons located in the ventral posterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus. Axons project from there to the primary somatosensory cortex.
• Continue

Question 7

7. Lesions of upper motor neurons in the spinal cord _____________ have ipsilateral effects.

Choices:

• always
• usually
• sometimes
• never

Answers:

• always

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Lesions of upper motor neurons in the spinal cord, i.e. the LCST, always have ipsilateral effects because this tract decussates at the spinomedullary junction.
• Continue

Question 8

8. The fasciculus _____________ is present throughout the length of the spinal cord dorsal columns, while the fasciculus _____________ is only present at upper thoracic and cervical levels. (2 answers; separate with 1 space)

Choices:

• gracilis cuneatus
• cuneatus gracilis

Answers:

• gracilis cuneatus
• cuneatus gracilis

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The fasciculus gracilis carries sensation from lower body and is therefore present throughout the length of the DC. The fasciculus cuneatus carries sensation from upper body and is therefore only present at upper thoracic and cervical level.
• Continue

Question 9

9. Axons of the trigeminal nerve carrying nociception and temperature sensations from the face synapse on neurons in the _________________ _________________ nucleus.

Choices:

• spinal trigeminal

Answers:

• spinal trigeminal

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Axons of the trigeminal nerve carrying nociception and temperature sensations from the face synapse onto second-order sensory neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus.
• Continue

Question 10

10. Dorsal root ganglia are for the body what the _______________ ganglion is for the face.

Choices:

• trigeminal

Answers:

• trigeminal

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Similar to the dorsal root ganglion, the trigeminal ganglion contains cell bodies of first order pseudounipolar sensory neurons, this time for the face.
• Continue

Question 11

11. Sensations of fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioception from the upper body travel in the _________________ _______________ of the spinal cord dorsal columns. (2 words separated by 1 space)

Choices:

• fasciculus cuneatus

Answers:

• fasciculus cuneatus

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Sensations of fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioception from the upper body travel in the fasciculus cuneatus of the spinal cord DC.
• Continue

Question 12

12. The nucleus cuneatus receives sensations of fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioception sensations from the _______________ side of the body.

Choices:

• contralateral
• ipsilateral

Answers:

• ipsilateral

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The nucleus cuneatus receives fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioception sensations from ipsilateral first-order sensory neurons. Remember, decussation happens at the level of second-order sensory neuron.
• Continue

Question 13

13. Within the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, the fasciculus gracilis is _______________ to the fasciculus cuneatus.

Choices:

• medial

Answers:

• medial

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The fasciculus gracilis is medial to the fasciculus cuneatus. This is because the fasciculus cuneatus contains primary sensory axons from the upper body, which are added to the lateral aspect of DC.
• Continue

Question 14

14. The spinal cord dorsal columns carry sensations of fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioception sensations from the _______________ side of the body.

Choices:

• contralateral
• ipsilateral

Answers:

• ipsilateral

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Primary sensory neurons in the spinal cord DC carry sensations of fine touch, proprioception from the ipsilateral side of the body. Decussation happens at the level of secondary sensory neurons in the medulla.
• Continue

Question 15

15. The spinothalamic tract caries nociception and temperature sensations from the _______________ side of the body.

Choices:

• contralateral
• ipsilateral

Answers:

• contralateral

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Primary neurons carrying nociception and temperature sensation synapse with secondary neurons located in the dorsal horn. These secondary neurons decussate and ascend the spinothalamic tract of the contralateral ventrolateral column.
• Continue

Question 16

16. Dorsal horn cells receive input from the body and limbs regarding two somatosensory modalities, __________________ and _________________.

Choices:

• nociception temperature
• temperature nociception

Answers:

• nociception temperature
• temperature nociception

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Dorsal horn cells (secondary neuron) receive input from the body and limbs regarding two somatosensory modalities: nociception & temperature.
• Continue

Question 17

17. The nucleus gracilis receives sensations of fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioception sensations from the _______________ side of the body.

Choices:

• contralateral
• ipsilateral

Answers:

• ipsilateral

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Nucleus gracilis receives sensations of fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioception sensations from the ipsilateral side of the body. Axons of secondary sensory neurons arise from the nucleus gracilis to decussate and form the medial lemniscus.
• Continue

Question 1

1. The two cranial nerve nuclei at the level of the caudal pons that contain lower motor neurons are the _____________ nucleus and the _____________ nucleus. (separate answer by one space)

Choices:

• abducens facial
• facial abducens

Answers:

• abducens facial
• facial abducens

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The abducens (CN VI) and facial (CN VII) nuclei are at the level of the caudal pons and contain lower motor neurons. You can remember this by picturing their nerve fibres emerging from the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction.
• Continue

Question 2

2. Axons and neurons coding for nociception and temperature from the face are located throughout the ______________.

Choices:

• midbrain
• pons
• medulla

Answers:

• medulla

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Axons and neurons (i.e spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus) coding for nociception and temperature from the face are located throughout the medulla.
• Continue

Question 3

3. Throughout the pons, the corticospinal tract is located ______________ to cranial nerve nuclei.

Choices:

• ventral
• dorsal

Answers:

• ventral

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The corticospinal tracts (CST) are located ventral to cranial nerve nuclei throughout the medulla, pons and midbrain.
• Continue

Question 4

4. The _________ (cranial nerve) nucleus is located at the rostral midbrain.

Choices:

• oculomotor

Answers:

• oculomotor

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve) nucleus is located in the rostral midbrain. You can remember this by picturing the nerve emerging from the interpeduncular fossa.
• Continue

Question 5

5. At the level of the open medulla, the __________________nucleus is located most medially.

Choices:

• hypoglossal

Answers:

• hypoglossal

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) nucleus is located most medially at the level of the open medulla. You can remember this by picturing the CN XII nerve fibres emerging from between the pyramid and olive, medial to the fibres of other cranial nerves.
• Continue

Question 6

6. Nuclei of three cranial nerves are located ____________ to the corticospinal tract at the level of the caudal pons.

Choices:

• ventral
• dorsal

Answers:

• dorsal

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! Cranial nerve nuclei are located dorsal to the corticospinal tract (CST) throughout the brainstem.
• Continue

Question 7

7. The ____________ nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and the __________ nucleus of the trigeminal nerve are located at the level of the mid pons. (2 answers separated by one space)

Choices:

• motor main
• main motor
• motor chief
• chief motor
• chief sensory motor
• motor chief sensory

Answers:

• motor main
• main motor
• motor chief
• chief motor
• chief sensory motor
• motor chief sensory

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Both chief sensory /main and motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve are located at the level of the mid pons.
• Continue

Question 8

8. The corticospinal tracts are located in the ___________ aspect of the medulla.

Choices:

• ventral
• dorsal

Answers:

• ventral

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The corticospinal tracts (CST) are located in the ventral medulla where they form the medullary pyramids.
• Continue

Question 1

1. In generating this image the _____________ artery was filled with contrast.

Choices:

• vertebral

Answers:

• vertebral

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The vertebral artery was filled with contrast to generate this image. Identify the terminus of the basilar artery where it bifurcates to form the left and right posterior cerebral arteries.
• Continue

Question 2

2. Region A is supplied by the _____________ _____________ artery.

Choices:

• anterior spinal

Answers:

• anterior spinal

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The anterior spinal artery occupies the ventral median fissure and supplies the ventral medulla, A.
• Continue

Question 3

3. The arrow is pointing to the ________________ artery.

Choices:

• callosomarginal

Answers:

• callosomarginal

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The callosomarginal and pericallosal arteries run parallel to each other but remember that the callosomarginal artery lies in the cingulate sulcus while the pericallosal artery lies against the corpus callosum.
• Continue

Question 4

4. Region A is supplied by the __________ ____________ ____________artery.

Choices:

• posterior inferior cerebellar

Answers:

• posterior inferior cerebellar

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies the dorsolateral region of the medulla.
• Continue

Question 5

5. Region A is supplied by the __________ ____________artery.

Choices:

• superior cerebellar

Answers:

• superior cerebellar

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The superior cerebellar artery supplies the superior cerebellar peduncle, A.
• Continue

Question 6

6. Identify artery 1.

Choices:

• internal carotid artery
• middle cerebral artery
• anterior cerebral artery
• posterior communicating artery
• anterior choroidal artery
• vertebral artery
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery
• basilar artery

Answers:

• internal carotid artery

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The internal carotid artery (ICA) gives rise to the anterior cerebral artery and continues as the middle cerebral artery (MCA).
• Continue

Question 7

7. Identify artery 2.

Choices:

• internal carotid artery
• middle cerebral artery
• anterior cerebral artery
• posterior communicating artery
• anterior choroidal artery
• vertebral artery
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery
• basilar artery

Answers:

• middle cerebral artery

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is the continuation of the internal carotid artery (ICA). It is located in the lateral fissure.
• Continue

Question 8

8. Identify artery 3.

Choices:

• internal carotid artery
• middle cerebral artery
• anterior cerebral artery
• posterior communicating artery
• anterior choroidal artery
• vertebral artery
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery
• basilar artery

Answers:

• anterior cerebral artery

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) branches off from the ICA and enters the medial longitudinal fissure to supply the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere.
• Continue

Question 9

9. Identify artery 4.

Choices:

• internal carotid artery
• middle cerebral artery
• anterior cerebral artery
• posterior communicating artery
• anterior choroidal artery
• vertebral artery
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery
• basilar artery

Answers:

• posterior communicating artery

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The posterior communicating artery (PCom) connects the ICA to the posterior cerebral artery (PCA).
• Continue

Question 10

10. Identify artery 5.

Choices:

• internal carotid artery
• middle cerebral artery
• anterior cerebral artery
• posterior communicating artery
• anterior choroidal artery
• vertebral artery
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery
• basilar artery

Answers:

• anterior choroidal artery

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The anterior choroidal artery is a small vessel, which is also the last branch of ICA before it gives rise to ACA.
• Continue

Question 11

11. Identify artery 6.

Choices:

• superior cerebellar artery
• posterior cerebral artery
• anterior cerebral artery
• posterior communicating artery
• anterior choroidal artery
• vertebral artery
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery
• basilar artery

Answers:

• vertebral artery

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The vertebral arteries (VAs) unite at the pontomedullary junction, forming the basilar artery (BA).
• Continue

Question 12

12. Identify artery 7.

Choices:

• superior cerebellar artery
• posterior cerebral artery
• anterior cerebral artery
• posterior communicating artery
• anterior choroidal artery
• vertebral artery
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery
• basilar artery

Answers:

• posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) arises from the vertebral artery (VA).
• Continue

Question 13

13. Identify artery 8.

Choices:

• superior cerebellar artery
• posterior cerebral artery
• anterior cerebral artery
• posterior communicating artery
• anterior choroidal artery
• vertebral artery
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery
• basilar artery

Answers:

• anterior inferior cerebellar artery

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) arises from the basilar artery immediately after its formation at the pontomedullary junction.
• Continue

Question 14

14. Identify artery 9.

Choices:

• superior cerebellar artery
• posterior cerebral artery
• anterior cerebral artery
• posterior communicating artery
• anterior choroidal artery
• vertebral artery
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery
• basilar artery

Answers:

• basilar artery

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The basilar artery (BA) is formed by union of the 2 VAs. The BA lies against the ventral pons and bifurcates into 2 posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs) at the junction of the pon and midbrain.
• Continue

Question 15

15. Identify artery 10.

Choices:

• superior cerebellar artery
• posterior cerebral artery
• anterior cerebral artery
• anterior communicating artery
• anterior choroidal artery
• vertebral artery
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery
• basilar artery

Answers:

• superior cerebellar artery

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The superior cerebellar artery arises from the side of the BA, near its terminal bifurcation into PCAs.
• Continue

Question 16

16. Identify artery 11.

Choices:

• superior cerebellar artery
• posterior cerebral artery
• anterior cerebral artery
• anterior communicating artery
• anterior choroidal artery
• vertebral artery
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery
• basilar artery

Answers:

• posterior cerebral artery

Comments:

• Correct
• That's right! The posterior cerebral arteries (PCA) arise from the bifurcation of basilar artery (BA). The bilateral PCAs wrap around the midbrain.
• Continue

Question 17

17. Region A is supplied by the __________ ____________artery.

Choices:

• posterior spinal

Answers:

• posterior spinal

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The posterior spinal artery supplies the dorsal column, A.
• Continue

Question 18

18. Region A is supplied by the __________ ____________artery.

Choices:

• anterior cerebral

Answers:

• anterior cerebral

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The body (genu and rostrum) of the corpus callosum, A is supplied by penetrating branches of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA).
• Continue

Question 19

19. The red arrows in these images indicate an infarct of the _________ __________ __________ artery.

Choices:

• posterior inferior cerebellar

Answers:

• posterior inferior cerebellar

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The image shows the open medulla, identifiable by the pyramids ventrally and the inferior cerebellar peduncles dorsolaterally. Since the high signal area (white) is located dorsolaterally, this is an infarct of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA).
• Continue

Question 20

20. Region A is supplied by the __________ ____________artery.

Choices:

• posterior cerebral

Answers:

• posterior cerebral

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Penetrating branches of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supplies the forceps major, A, at the splenium of the corpus callosum.
• Continue

Question 1

1. Bundles of subcortical white matter that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres are called _____________ fibres.

Choices:

• commissural

Answers:

• commissural

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Commissural fibres connect the two cerebral hemispheres across the midline.
• Continue

Question 2

2. The narrowest, and most commonly occluded part of the ventricular system is the ________________ ___________________.

Choices:

• cerebral aqueduct

Answers:

• cerebral aqueduct

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The cerebral aqueduct connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle. It is the narrowest part of the ventricular system and is therefore most commonly occluded.
• Continue

Question 3

3. Identify fibre bundle A.

Choices:

• cingulum

Answers:

• cingulum

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Cingulum is the association fibre bundle that courses above and then below the corpus callosum.
• Continue

Question 4

4. The region where the pons, medulla and cerebellum meet is called the ________________ ______________.

Choices:

• cerebellopontine angle

Answers:

• cerebellopontine angle

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The cerebellopontine angle is the region where pons, medulla and cerebellum meet. A benign tumor in this region can have compressive effects on these structures.
• Continue

Question 5

5. The part of the lateral ventricle that extends into the frontal lobe is the ________________ horn.

Choices:

• anterior

Answers:

• anterior

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The anterior horn of the lateral ventricle extends into the frontal lobe.
• Continue

Question 6

6. Bundles of subcortical white matter that connect regions of the same cerebral hemisphere are called _____________ fibres.

Choices:

• association

Answers:

• association

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The association fibres are bundles of subcortical white matter that connect regions within the same cerebral hemisphere.
• Continue

Question 7

7. Identify cortical region A.

Choices:

• insula

Answers:

• insula

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The insula is a cortical region hidden within the lateral fissure.
• Continue

Question 8

8. Bundles of subcortical white matter that connect a cerebral hemisphere with lower centres, such as the brainstem or spinal cord are called _____________ fibres.

Choices:

• projection

Answers:

• projection

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Projection fibres are bundles of subcortical white matter that connect a cerebral hemisphere with lower centers, such as the brainstem or spinal cord.
• Continue

Question 9

9. Identify white matter structure A.

Choices:

• internal capsule

Answers:

• internal capsule

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! Structure A is the internal capsule. This is formed as fibres of the corona radiata condense deep to the putamen.
• Continue

Question 10

10. The part of the lateral ventricle that extends into the temporal lobe is the ________________ horn.

Choices:

• inferior

Answers:

• inferior

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The inferior horn of the lateral ventricle extends into the temporal lobe.
• Continue

Question 11

11. Identify grey matter structure A. Be specific.

Choices:

• putamen

Answers:

• putamen

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The putamen is one of the nuclei that forms the basal ganglia. The putamen and globus pallidus together are called the lentiform nucleus.
• Continue

Question 12

12. Which fibre type forms the cingulum?

Choices:

• association fibres
• commissural fibres
• projection fibres

Answers:

• association fibres

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The cingulum consists of association fibres that connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere.
• Continue

Question 13

13. Brain imaging reveals enlargement of the right and left lateral ventricles, as well as the third ventricle. The fourth ventricle is within normal limits. Where is the obstruction of the vestibular system located?

Choices:

• cerebral aqueduct
• right lateral aperture
• median aperture
• interventricular foramena, bilaterally

Answers:

• cerebral aqueduct

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! In an obstructive hydrocephalus, ventricular spaces upstream of the obstruction will be enlarged, while those downstream of the obstruction will be normal. Hence, we can predict that occlusion happens at the cerebral aqueduct!
• Continue

Question 14

14. The part of the ventricular system associated with the pons and rostral medulla is the ________________ ___________________.

Choices:

• fourth ventricle

Answers:

• fourth ventricle

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The fourth ventricle is associated with the pons and rostral medulla anteriorly and with the cerebellum posteriorly.
• Continue

Question 15

15. Which fibre type forms the corpus callosum?

Choices:

• association fibres
• commissural fibres
• projection fibres

Answers:

• commissural fibres

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The corpus callosum is made up of commissural fibres that connect the two cerebral hemisphere.
• Continue

Question 16

16. Identify A.

Choices:

• head of caudate nucleus
• putamen
• insula
• thalamus
• forceps major
• posterior limb, internal capsule
• genu, internal capsule
• anterior limb, internal capsule
• forceps minor

Answers:

• head of caudate nucleus

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! ‘A’ is pointing to the head of the caudate nucleus, located anterior to the anterior limb of the internal capsule.
• Continue

Question 17

17. Identify B.

Choices:

• head of caudate nucleus
• putamen
• insula
• thalamus
• forceps major
• posterior limb, internal capsule
• genu, internal capsule
• anterior limb, internal capsule
• forceps minor

Answers:

• putamen

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! ‘B’ is pointing at the putamen. The putamen is located lateral to the internal capsule.
• Continue

Question 18

18. Identify C.

Choices:

• head of caudate nucleus
• putamen
• insula
• thalamus
• forceps major
• posterior limb, internal capsule
• genu, internal capsule
• anterior limb, internal capsule
• forceps minor

Answers:

• insula

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! ‘C’ is pointing at the insula. The insula is the cortical region within the lateral fissure.
• Continue

Question 19

19. Identify D.

Choices:

• head of caudate nucleus
• putamen
• insula
• thalamus
• forceps major
• posterior limb, internal capsule
• genu, internal capsule
• anterior limb, internal capsule
• forceps minor

Answers:

• thalamus

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! ‘D’ is pointing at the thalamus. The thalami border the third ventricle.
• Continue

Question 20

20. Identify E.

Choices:

• head of caudate nucleus
• putamen
• insula
• thalamus
• forceps major
• posterior limb, internal capsule
• genu, internal capsule
• anterior limb, internal capsule
• forceps minor

Answers:

• forceps major

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! ‘E’ indicates the forceps major. It seen with horizontal sectioning of the splenium of corpus callosum. The forceps major arches posteriorly.
• Continue

Question 21

21. Identify F.

Choices:

• head of caudate nucleus
• putamen
• insula
• thalamus
• forceps major
• posterior limb, internal capsule
• genu, internal capsule
• anterior limb, internal capsule
• forceps minor

Answers:

• posterior limb, internal capsule

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The portion of internal capsule that lies between the lentiform nucleus and the thalamus is the posterior limb of the internal capsule.
• Continue

Question 22

22. Identify G.

Choices:

• head of caudate nucleus
• putamen
• insula
• thalamus
• forceps major
• posterior limb, internal capsule
• genu, internal capsule
• anterior limb, internal capsule
• forceps minor

Answers:

• genu, internal capsule

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The inflection point between the anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule is the genu.
• Continue

Question 23

23. Identify H.

Choices:

• head of caudate nucleus
• putamen
• insula
• thalamus
• forceps major
• posterior limb, internal capsule
• genu, internal capsule
• anterior limb, internal capsule
• forceps minor

Answers:

• anterior limb, internal capsule

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! The anterior limb of the internal capsule lies between the lentiform nucleus and the head of the caudate nucleus.
• Continue

Question 24

24. Identify I.

Choices:

• thalamus
• forceps major
• head of caudate nucleus
• putamen
• insula
• posterior limb, internal capsule
• genu, internal capsule
• anterior limb, internal capsule
• forceps minor

Answers:

• forceps minor

Comments:

• Correct
• That’s right! ‘I’ is pointing at the forceps minor. It is seen in horizontal sections through the genu of the corpus callosum. The forceps minor arches anteriorly.
• Continue